不讲废话，直接做题。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C,or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr.Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressedout female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,”she observes,“its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be oneshot deals. The wearandtear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
A.Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
B.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
C.Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
D.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22.Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women.
A.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stressB.have limited capacity for tolerating stress
C.are more capable of avoiding stressD.are exposed to more stress
23.According to Paragraph 4,the stress women confront tends to be.
A.domestic and temporaryB.irregular and violent
C.durable and frequentD.trivial and random
24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 5, Para. 5) shows that.
A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making money
B.Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses
C.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs
D.Alvarez paid practically everything by check
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A.Strain of Stress:No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress:Gender Difference
C.Stress Analysis:What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality:Women Under Stress
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.
尽管女性在现代生活的某些领域仍旧努力追赶男性，但她们却似乎至少在一个令人不愉快的方面远远超越了男性。
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句是由“主语(women)+系动词(appear)+表语(to be way ahead)”构成的简单句。注意way在此为副词,意为“远远地，大大地”，修饰ahead，表程度；介词短语in at least one undesirable category作状语，表范围。While引导的让步状语从句，作主句的让步状语；该句省略了主语they和be动词are，补充完整为While they are still…，其中they指代主句的主语women,谓语are…catching up to 使用了现在进行式，men作宾语；介词短语in some spheres of modern life作状语，表范围。
【词汇注释】sphere ［sfɪr］ n.领域，范围；球【记】spherical a.球形的；球状的【例】broad spheres of interests广泛的兴趣爱好 undesirable ［,ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbl］ a.令人讨厌的；不合需要的n.不受欢迎的人【例】Military intervention is highly undesirable. 军事干涉极不相宜。
“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
根据纽约市退伍军人管理医院的首席心理医生耶胡达博士的研究，“面对压力时，女性比男性更容易抑郁或焦虑不安”。
【句子讲解】本句是简单句，主语为Women，系动词为are，表语为susceptible，介词短语to developing depression and anxiety disorders作表语补足语；副词particularly作状语，修饰表语；介词短语in response to stress作状语，过去分词短语compared to men作比较状语，介词短语according to Dr. Yehuda作状语，名词短语chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital作Dr. Yehuda的同位语。
【词汇注释】susceptible*［sə'septəbl］ a.易受影响的；过敏的；能经受的【记】susceptibility n.易受影响(或伤害等)的特性；敏感性；过敏性【例】The plant is not susceptible to disease. 这种植物不容易受病害侵袭。
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.
对动物和人类的研究表明：性激素可能会影响对压力的反应，它使压力之下的雌性比在同等压力条件下的雄性分泌出更多诱发不良反应的化学物质。
【句子图解】
【要点注释】句中，介词短语of both animals and humans作后置定语，修饰Studies。介词短语under stress作females的后置定语。比较状语从句中，主语是males，介词短语under the same conditions作后置定语，修饰males；由于主语较长，从句采用了完全倒装，其中do为谓语，相当于伴随状语中的produce。
【词汇注释】hormone ［'hɔrmon］ n.激素；荷尔蒙【例】His disease was caused by unbalanced hormone. 他的病是由荷尔蒙失衡引起的。trigger ［'trɪɡɚ］ n.触发；(枪等的)；引起反应的行动v.触发，引起 【例】The smoke triggered off the alarm. 这些烟把警报器触响了。
In several of the studies, when stressedout female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
在对老鼠的几项研究中发现，切除了雌性老鼠的卵巢(雌性生殖器官)以后，她们受到压力时分泌出的化学物质就和雄性相当。
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句由“主语（their chemical responses）+系动词（became）+表语（equal）”构成，介词短语to those of the males作表语补足语。when引导的时间状语从句，作主句的时间状语；该从句由“主语（stressed-out female rats）+谓语（had）+宾语（their ovaries）+宾语补足语（removed）”构成；括号中的the female reproductive organs作ovaries的同位语。介词短语In several of the studies作状语。
【词汇注释】ovary ［'ovəri］ n.卵巢【例】an operation to remove diseased ovaries卵巢切除手术 reproductive ［,riprə'dʌktɪv］ a.生殖的【记】reproduction n.生殖；繁殖；复制【词组】reproductive organs 生殖器官
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.
女性面对压力的“机遇”增多会使她们体内产生更多的因压力而引起的化学物质。
【句子讲解】本句是倒装句。其正常语序是：Her increased “opportunities” for stress are adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals。句子的主语是Her increased “opportunities”，谓语是are adding to，宾语是a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals。其中，介词短语for stress作后置定语，修饰“opportunities”。
【词汇注释】add to sth. 增加，加强【例】The bad weather added to our difficulties. 这种坏天气增添了我们的困难。
“It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well.
“这并不是说女性不会像男人一样缓解压力。‘’
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句的主语是It，指代上一句的内容，系动词是is not，that引导的表语从句作主句的表语，副词necessarily作状语。在表语从句中，主语是women，谓语是don't cope; 结合上下文，此处的as well 应理解为其后省略了as men，即“像男人一样缓解压力”；副词well作状语，修饰don't cope；副词as修饰well，意为“同样地”。
It's just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda.
只是她们有更多的压力要应对。”耶胡达博士说。
【句子讲解】本句是倒装句。句子的主语为Dr. Yehuda，谓语为says，直接引语作says的宾语。直接引语是复合句，其主句的主语为It，系动词为is，表语为that引导的表语从句，副词just作状语；表语从句中，主语为they，谓语为have，宾语so much more后省略了stress，动词不定式短语to cope with作宾语的后置定语。注意，It's not necessarily that…和本句中的It's just that…均作本句中says的宾语。
“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's,” she observes, “it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
她还说，“也许女性比男性更能承受压力。只是因为她们需要应对太多的事情，以至于她们的精力被更快地、更明显地消耗掉了。”
【句子图解】
【要点注释】本句中，she observes将完整的直接引语分割成两部分，因此将其视为插入语。实际上，从语义角度而言，直接引语作observes的宾语。
【词汇注释】wear out (人)精疲力竭或厌烦；(物)用坏，耗尽【例】I've worn out the soles of my shoes. 我的鞋底已经彻底磨穿了。
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.
耶胡达博士还注意到男性和女性之间另一个不同之处。
【句子讲解】本句是由“主语(Dr. Yehuda)+谓语(notes)+宾语(another difference)”构成的简单句。介词短语between the sexes作后置定语，修饰difference。
“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
“我认为女性接触的事情往往更具有长期性或重复性。
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句的主语为I，谓语为think，第一个that引导的宾语从句作think的宾语。从句的主语是the kinds of things，谓语是tend，动词不定式短语to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature作宾语。第二个that引导的定语从句，修饰the kinds of things；该从句的主语是women，谓语是are exposed to，that代替先行词the kinds of things作宾语。
【词汇注释】chronic ［'krɑnɪk］ a.长久的；(人)久病的；积习难改的【例】China still faces chronic strain on its electricity grid. 中国电网仍面临长期压力。
Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.
男性上战场，面临战斗的压力。
【句子讲解】本句是一个简单句，主语是Men，and连接并列谓宾。第一个谓语是go to，宾语是war；第二个谓语是are exposed to，宾语是combat stress。
【词汇注释】combat* ［'kɑmbæt］ n.战斗；打仗；搏斗 v.防止；与……搏斗【词缀】词根bat意为“打斗”【记】combative a.好战的，好斗的【例】He was killed in combat. 他在战斗中阵亡。
Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.
他们要遭受更多偶然的身体暴力行为。
【句子讲解】本句是一个简单句。主语是Men，谓语是are exposed to，宾语是more acts…，其中，介词短语of random physical violence作后置定语，修饰acts。
The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one'shot deals.
女性所遭受的人际关系暴力往往发生在家庭内部，不幸的是，这些暴力来自父母或其他家庭成员，而且通常不是一次性的事情。
【句子讲解】本句是由and连接的并列句。分句一是复合句。主句的主语是The kinds，谓语是tend，动词不定式短语to be in domestic situations作宾语；介词短语of interpersonal violence作kinds的后置定语，that引导的定语从句修饰interpersonal violence；从句的主语是women，谓语是are exposed to，that代替先行词interpersonal violence作宾语，介词短语by, unfortunately, parents or other family members作状语。分句二中，主语they指代The kinds of interpersonal violence，谓语是tend，宾语是not to be oneshot deals。
【词汇注解】interpersonal ［'ɪntɚ'pɝsnl］ a.人与人之间的【词组】interpersonal relations 人际关系 one-shot deal 一次完成的任务【例】It's a one-shot deal. You don‘’t get any second chance. 这次交易只此一回，不会有第二次机会。
The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”
这种来自更长期的人际关系的折磨可以是毁灭性的。”
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句由“主语(The wear-and-tear)+系动词(can be)+表语(quite devastating)”构成；that引导的定语从句，修饰The wear-and-tear。从句中，that代替先行词The wear-and-tear作主语，comes from为谓语，these longer relationships是宾语。
【词汇注释】wearandtear n.折磨；磨损【例】The insurance policy does not cover damage caused by normal wear-and-tear. 保险单内容不包括正常使用所导致的损坏。
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.
阿德利纳·阿尔瓦雷斯女士18岁结婚，并且生了一个儿子，但她决心要读完大学。
【句子讲解】本句是一个由but连接的并列句，but表转折。分句一的主语是Adeline Alvarez，and连接两个并列谓语，分别是married和gave birth to，名词短语a son作gave birth to的宾语；介词短语at 18作married的时间状语。分句二中省略了主语Adeline Alvarez，系动词是was,表语是determined，动词不定式短语to finish college作表语补足语。
“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.
“为了获得大学文凭，我付出过很多努力。
【句子讲解】本句是一个“主语(I)+谓语(struggled)”结构的简单句。其中a lot作状语，修饰谓语；动词不定式短语to get the college degree为目的状语。
I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”
我生活在那么多的挫折之中，以至于上学、上进、做得更好都成了我逃避的方式。”
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句由“主语(I)+谓语(was living)”构成。in so much frustration为介词短语作状语。注意句中第一个that引导结果状语从句，与so构成“so…that…”结构，表示“如此……以致于……”；第二个that为代词，指代后面的动词不定式短语to go to school, and get ahead and do better，在状语从句中作主语，系动词是was，表语是my escape。
【词汇注释】frustration* ［frʌ'streʃən］ n.挫折,顿挫；沮丧【记】frustrated a.失望的，泄气的 frustrate v.挫败，使灰心【词组】frustration of sth.受阻；受挫；挫败；阻止【例】end in frustration 以失败告终
Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother.
后来，她离了婚，成了一名单身母亲。
【句子讲解】本句是由and连接的并列句。分句一中，主语是her marriage，ended为谓语。分句二中，主语是she，系动词是became，a single mother为表语。副词Later作时间状语。
“It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. “
最辛苦的事情就是既要照料一名十几岁的孩子，还要工作，支付租金，用车花销以及偿还债务。
【句子讲解】本句是简单句，It为形式主语，系动词是is，表语是the hardest thing。and连接五个并列的动词不定式短语to take care of a teenager，(to) have a job，(to) pay the rent，(to) pay the car payment和(to) pay the debt作真正的主语。
I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
我现挣现花，收入仅仅能糊口。”
【句子讲解】本句是一个简单句，主语是I，谓语是lived，介词短语from paycheck to paycheck作状语。
【词汇注释】paycheck ［'pe,tʃɛk］ n.薪金；付薪水的支票【例】I save at least 10% of each paycheck. 我至少将每次薪水的10％用于储蓄。
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
并不是所有人都经历了阿尔瓦雷斯女士所描述的那种持续性的巨大压力。
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句的主语是Not everyone，谓语是experiences，宾语是the kinds of severe chronic stresses，Not与everyone连用表示部分否定。Alvarez describes是省略引导词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰stresses；从句的主语是Alvarez, 谓语是describes, 先行词stresses作宾语。
But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.
但是如今大多数女性都要承担很多责任，很少有休闲时间，并且感到压力很大。
【句子讲解】本句是一个简单句，主语是most women，and连接并列的谓语are coping with和(are) feeling，a lot of obligations作are coping with的宾语，the strain作(are)feeling的宾语。句首的But在语义上与上句构成转折关系；today为副词作状语；with few breaks为介词短语作状语。
【词汇注释】obligation*［,ɑblɪ'ɡeʃən］ n.责任，义务，职责【记】obligated a.(道义或法律上的)有义务的，有责任的，必须的【词组】fulfill legal obligations履行法律责任 break ［breik］ n.休息时间，中断，中止 v.损坏，放弃，耗尽【词组】break of day黎明 strain ［strein］ n.压力，重负v.损伤，尽力【记】strained a.紧张的【例】Their marriage is under great strain at the moment. 眼下他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。
Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 阿尔瓦雷斯的经历表明：在压力威胁到你的健康和你的生活能力之前，寻找分解压力的途径是非常重要的。
【句子讲解】本句是复合句。主句的结构为“主语（Alvarezs experience）+谓语（demonstrates）+宾语（the importance）”；介词短语of finding ways作importance的后置定语，动词不定式短语to diffuse stress作ways的后置定语。before引导的时间状语从句，作finding ways…的时间状语；从句由“主语（it）+谓语（threatens）+宾语（your health and your ability）”构成，动词不定式to function作ability的后置定语。
【词汇注释】function*［'fʌŋkʃən］ v.起作用，运转 n.功能；典礼；函数【例】This machine has stopped functioning. 这部机器坏了。
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